CPA or Loan Preparer Made Errors: Am I Still Liable?

You opened the envelope from the IRS and your stomach dropped. Penalties, interest, underpayment—tens of thousands of dollars you didn’t expect to owe. But here’s the thing: you didn’t prepare your own tax return. You hired a CPA, a professional, someone who’s supposed to know what their doing. And now your facing criminal exposure, financial ruin, or both—for mistakes you didn’t make.

The answer to wether your still liable is going to make you angry: yes, you are. But that doesn’t mean your powerless.

The Signature Trap: Why You’re Still Liable (Even When Its Not Your Fault)

Here’s the brutal reality that no one explains until its to late. When you signed that tax return, you certified under penalty of perjury that everything on it was accurate. The IRS doesn’t care if your CPA made the error, if your loan preparer lied about the numbers, or if you trusted a professional to handle it correctly. You signed it, you own it. This is based off IRS policy that puts ultimate liability on the taxpayer.

The legal doctrine is pretty straightforward, even if it feels like a betrayal. Under federal tax law, the person who signs the return is primarily responsible for its accuracy. Your preparer can face seperate penalties under IRC Section 6694—but those are their penalties, not yours. They might have to pay fines to the IRS, maybe loose their license. That doesn’t reduce what you owe.

Its a double-bind that feels absurd: you paid someone to avoid exactly this problem, and now your liable for there mistakes anyway.

What makes this even worse is prosecutorial economics. The IRS has limited resources, and collecting from you is straightforward. They can levy your bank account, garnish you’re wages, file liens against your property. Going after the preparer? That requires refering the case to the Department of Justice Tax Division, criminal investigation resources, months or years of litigation. Your the path of least resistence, and the IRS knows it. Tax preparer liability exists in theory; in practice, they come for you first.

Can a CPA be held liable? Absolutely. Depending on the jurisdiction, CPAs may face liability based on negligence, breach of contract, or even fraud. But that’s a civil matter between you and them, seperate from you’re tax debt. The IRS wants it’s money from you, irregardless of who made the error. You can pursue the CPA later—but first, you have to deal with the immediate crisis.

Your First 72 Hours: What to Do Before You Make It Worse

The clock is ticking, and every decision you make in these first few days can either save you or bury you deeper.

First rule: do not call the IRS immediately. I know that sounds counterintuitive, but heres why—anything you say to the IRS can become an admission. If you call them panicked and start explaining what happened, you might accidently say something that makes you look like you knew the return was wrong when you signed it. That’s criminal exposure you didn’t have five minutes ago.

Instead, do this. Contact the preparer who made the error, but do it in writing via certified mail. You want a paper trail. In the letter, state clearly: “Your error on my [tax year] return requires an amendment. I’m not waiving any claims against you.” This preserves your legal rights while creating evidence that you discovered the error and acted on it. If the preparer is unresponsive—and many of them are when things go wrong—that silence becomes evidence of there professional negligence.

Gather every document you can find. The engagement letter you signed with the preparer is crucial. Most preparers use boilerplate engagement letters that limit liability to “gross negligence or willful misconduct” only, which means simple negligence (like math errors or missed deductions) might be contractually excluded. If you never signed an engagement letter, thats actually good news—it means the preparer violated professional standards, which strengthens you’re malpractice case later.

Here’s the criminal exposure check that most people miss. If the understatement on your return is more then $50,000, or if it represents more then 25% of the correct tax owed, you’re in a different category of risk. The IRS may view this as potential fraud rather than a simple error. At this level, you need a criminal defense attorney before you do anything else. Don’t file an amended return yet. Don’t talk to the IRS.

An amended return can be treated as an admission that you knew the original return was wrong—which could be used against you in a criminal case.

There’s also the amended return trap that nobody warns you about. Filing Form 1040-X to fix the error seems like the obvious next step, but in some jurisdictions, courts have ruled that filing an amendment shows you “accepted” the error and mitigated damages. This can actually waive you’re right to sue the preparer for malpractice. The solution: send the preparer written notice of the error first, preserve your legal claims, and then—within 30 days—file both the amended return and a formal malpractice claim. This protects both IRS compliance and your civil recovery rights.

Timeline pressure is real. The IRS has three years from the filing date to assess additional tax under IRC Section 6501. But if your preparer’s error involves a substantial understatement (25% or more of gross income), that statute extends to six years. And if there’s fraud? No statute at all—they can come after you indefinately. Meanwhile, your malpractice claim against the preparer has its own statute of limitations, typically two to three years from when you discovered the error. You could litterally run out of time to recover from the preparer while the IRS still has years to collect from you.

The Three Paths Forward: Civil Recovery, Criminal Defense, or Damage Control

You’ve got three options here, and which path you take depends on the dollar amount involved, the type of error, and wether the preparer is responsive or ghosting you. Let’s break down each one, because picking the wrong path can cost you everything.

Path 1: Civil Recovery from the Preparer. This is the path when the preparer made a clear mistake—missed a deduction, calculated the wrong basis, reported income incorrectly—and you have a good paper trail. The preparer should have Errors and Omissions (E&O) insurance, which is designed to cover professional negligence.

But heres the insurance shell game: E&O policies typically cover “professional services,” but they don’t cover fraud, intentional misconduct, failure to file, or penalties assessed directly to the preparer under IRC Section 6694.

So when you file a claim, the insurance company will look for any reason to deny it. They’ll say “this is penalties, not damages” or “this was intentional, not negligence.” Your job is to frame the damages correctly in your demand letter. Allege both negligent malpractice (which triggers E&O coverage) and breach of contract (which might trigger general liability insurance if they have it). Specify damages as: (1) excess tax you wouldn’t of owed with a correct return, (2) IRS penalties attributable to the underpayment, (3) IRS interest charges, (4) cost of hiring someone else to prepare an amended return, and (5) attorney fees for recovery efforts.

Item #1—the excess tax—is clearly covered by E&O insurance. The others are “consequential damages from professional negligence,” which is a stronger legal argument then just saying “pay my penalties.” The engagement letter probably limits the preparer’s liability, but those clauses are often unenforceable when the preparer has a professional duty. In New York, consumer arbitration clauses may be voidable under General Obligations Law Section 5-327.

Path 2: Criminal Defense Posture. If the error is large enough, or if it suggests fraud, you need to think like a defendant first and a taxpayer second. Tax evasion requires “willfulness” under Cheek v. United States—meaning you knew you owed the tax and deliberately tried to avoid it. A preparer’s error alone doesn’t create criminal liability for you.

But here’s the catch: if you knew the return was wrong when you signed it, or if the error creates a pattern across multiple years, the IRS can recharacterize the preparer’s mistake as your fraud.

When do you know its moving criminal? If an IRS Criminal Investigation (CI) agent contacts you instead of a revenue agent, stop talking immediately. CI agents are law enforcement, not tax collectors. Anything you say can and will be used in a criminal prosecution. At this point, you need an attorney who can file under a Kovel letter, which extends attorney-client privilege to the accountant who’s helping your attorney. This prevents the IRS from forcing your new accountant to testify against you.

Path 3: Damage Control with the IRS. If criminal prosecution isn’t a realistic risk, you’re goal is to minimize penalties and interest while preserving your ability to recover from the preparer. The IRS can waive accuracy-related penalties under IRC Section 6664(c) if you show “reasonable cause and good faith.” The key case here is Neonatology Associates, P.A. v. Commissioner, which held that relying on a CPA is reasonable cause only if: (1) you gave the preparer accurate information, and (2) you reasonably believed the preparer was competant.

This means you need a documentation trail showing you disclosed all income and information to the preparer (emails, the tax organizer they sent you, anything showing you cooperated), proof of the preparer’s credentials (CPA license, years in practice, professional memberships), evidence that you asked questions when something seemed off, and proof you had no reason to know the return was wrong. If you can assemble this narrative in a Form 843 penalty abatement request, you’ve got a shot at getting the penalties waived. Without it, the “I relied on my CPA” defense fails every time.

When Your CPA’s Mistake Becomes Your Federal Case

This is where the fear really sets in—the moment you realize that the professional error you trusted someone else to avoid might land you in federal prison. Its a special kind of terror, and its not irrational.

The IRS assumes that if you hired a CPA to prepare your return, you must of been trying to do something sophisticated. There sophisticated evasion, the thinking goes, not innocent mistakes. The logic is absurd but real: self-prepared errors are viewed as “understandable complexity,” but CPA-prepared errors suggest “deliberate circumvention.”

The double-bind is this: hiring a professional to avoid problems can actually make you look more guilty when problems occur. You paid someone who’s supposed to know the tax code inside and out. If they made an error, prosecutors assume you and the preparer were working together to hide income, inflate deductions, or game the system. This is especially true if the error saved you alot of money or involved complex transactions like business losses, foreign accounts, or capital gains.

When does a preparer’s error actually become your criminal case? The key is willfulness. The government has to prove you knew you owed the tax and deliberately tried to evade it. If you genuinely relied on the preparer and had no idea the return was wrong, thats a defense.

But heres what prosecutors look for: Did you give the preparer false information? Did you push back when they questioned something? Did you ask them to “be aggressive” or “minimize taxes”? Did you ignore obvious red flags like deductions that seemed to good to be true?

If the answer to any of those is yes, the preparer’s error starts looking like your conspiracy. And if the understatement spans multiple years, or if it involves the same type of “error” repeating (like consistently underreporting income from the same source), that pattern becomes evidence of intent. You weren’t mistaken—you were systematic.

Here’s the prosecutorial economics at play: federal prosecutors don’t have time to chase every tax error. There looking for cases that are either huge (six or seven figures in tax loss) or egregious (fraud schemes, shell companies, fake deductions). If you’re case falls into one of those categories, the fact that a CPA was involved doesn’t protect you—it makes you more intresting to them. The assumption is that you hired expertise to commit fraud expertly.

Warning signs that this is moving criminal: you recieve a subpoena for documents rather then a notice of deficiency, an IRS Criminal Investigation agent (not a revenue agent) contacts you, the IRS interviews people around you (your accountant, your business partners, your bank), or you see references to Title 26 USC Section 7201 (tax evasion) or Section 7206 (false return) in correspondence.

At any of these signs, stop talking to the IRS immediately and hire a criminal defense attorney.

The professional betrayal here cuts deep. You paid this person—maybe thousands of dollars—to handle something you didn’t understand, specifically to avoid the exact crisis you’re now facing. And when you reach out to them in a panic, they’re either defensive (“you signed the return”), unresponsive (they’ve ghosted you), or they’re claiming the error was actually you’re fault somehow. Meanwhile, you’re the one staring at potential prison time for something you didn’t do and didn’t understand.

The fear is real, and it should be. But heres what you need to understand: criminal tax cases require proof beyond a reasonable doubt that you acted willfully. If you can show you relied on the preparer, gave them accurate information, and had no reason to believe the return was wrong, the government’s case falls apart.

The problem is that if you’ve already talked to the IRS, filed an amended return, or made statements that could be interpreted as admissions, you may have already damaged that defense without realizing it. This is why the first 72 hours are so critical.

Preparer Recovery Strategy: Getting Your Money Back (And Making Them Pay)

Alright, lets talk about holding the preparer accountable. You’ve dealt with the IRS crisis; now its time to go after the person who created it. You have multiple avenues here, and using all of them simultaneously creates the most leverage.

IRS Complaints (Forms 14157 and 14157-A). The IRS has a process for reporting preparer misconduct. Form 14157 is the basic complaint form; Form 14157-A is the affidavit you file when you suspect fraud or serious misconduct. Filing both creates a parallel investigation. The IRS Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) can suspend or bar the preparer from practicing before the IRS, and the IRS can assess penalties against the preparer under IRC Section 6694.

Does this get you your money back? Not directly. But it creates pressure. If the preparer is facing an IRS investigation, license suspension, and professional penalties, they’re alot more motivated to settle your malpractice claim quietly. The threat of professional destruction is often more effective then the threat of a lawsuit.

State Board Complaints. If the preparer is a CPA, they’re licensed by the state board (in New York, thats the State Education Department Office of Professional Discipline). File a complaint alleging professional negligence, breach of duty, and violation of professional standards. State boards move faster then the IRS and can suspend a CPA license within months. For a CPA, loosing there license is career-ending.

This is jurisdictional arbitrage: you’re using state board authority to create federal pressure, and vice versa. The preparer now has to fight on two fronts, which drains there resources and makes settlement look better. In New York specifically, the state board can also impose fines and require remedial education, which further embarrasses the preparer and motivates them to make your complaint go away.

Malpractice Demand Letter. Before you file a lawsuit, send a formal demand letter to the preparer and there E&O insurance carrier (if you can identify it). The letter should allege both negligent malpractice and breach of contract, specify damages (excess tax, penalties, interest, amended return costs, attorney fees), include a deadline for response (typically 30 days), and state that you’ve filed complaints with the IRS and state board (this shows your serious).

The insurance carrier will assign a claims adjuster. Your goal is to make them understand that fighting this claim will cost more then settling it. If the preparer’s error is well-documented, if you have the engagement letter showing they agreed to prepare your return accurately, and if you have evidence you gave them correct information, the carrier will likely settle to avoid litigation costs.

Small Claims vs. Full Lawsuit. If the damages are under your state’s small claims limit (in New York, its $10,000 in some courts), small claims court is faster and cheaper. You don’t need an attorney, the process is informal, and judges tend to be sympathetic to consumers screwed by professionals.

But if the damages are higher, you’ll need to file a formal malpractice lawsuit, which means hiring an attorney and potentially spending months or years in litigation.

Here’s the leverage calculation: if the statute of limitations for IRS assessment is running out, or if the state board complaint is gaining traction, or if the preparer’s insurance carrier is facing multiple claims (suggesting a pattern of negligence), your settlement value goes up. Use these pressure points in negotiations.

The State Tax Multiplier Effect. Don’t forget that federal tax errors usually flow to state returns. If the preparer’s error cost you $10,000 in federal tax, it probably cost you an additional $3,000 to $5,000 in state tax (depending on your state’s rates). In New York, you’ll need to file both a federal amended return (Form 1040-X) and a state amended return (Form IT-201-X). Calculate total damages including both, and make sure your demand letter includes the state tax component.

New York also has seperate CPA licensing board complaints, which means another avenue for pressure. Filing complaints at both the federal level (IRS OPR) and state level (NY State Education Department) creates dual exposure for the preparer. Use this in settlement negotiations: “We can make the state board complaint go away if you settle our damages claim.”

One more tactical point: the preparer may claim they gave you “advice” rather then “preparation,” trying to escape preparer penalties under IRC Section 6694. But if they signed the return as the paid preparer, they certified they prepared it. If they’re now claiming “advice only,” thats fraud on the IRS—they lied about there role to avoid penalties. Forward this to your IRS Form 14157 complaint. It creates additional preparer penalty exposure, which further motivates settlement.

What You Do Next

So here’s were we are. Your liable for the tax debt, the penalties, the interest—all of it, even though it was the preparer’s error. Thats the brutal truth, and no amount of anger changes it.

But liability doesn’t mean helplessness. You have options: amend the return and pursue reasonable cause penalty abatement with the IRS, sue the preparer for malpractice and go after there E&O insurance, file complaints with the IRS and state boards to create settlement pressure, and if criminal exposure is real, hire a defense attorney before you do anything else.

The mistake most people make is thinking they have to choose one path. You don’t. You can pursue IRS penalty abatement while simultaneously suing the preparer. You can file board complaints while negotiating a settlement. The key is acting quickly—before statutes run, before evidence disappears, before the preparer’s insurance coverage changes.

You trusted a professional to handle this correctly, and they failed you. That failure doesn’t erase your liability, but it does give you weapons to fight back. Use them.